Legal Environment. Can Malicious Actors Be Held Accountable for Illegal Acts in Cyberspace? Let us assume that states agree to a set of rules for the use of cyber weapons – for example, not attacking critical infrastructure during peacetime. What happens when a state violates one of those rules - and the attribution of who is responsible is clear enough? Enforcement techniques in use or under consideration include diplomatic pleas and threats, economic sanctions, indictments, public shaming, joint investigations, recalling diplomats, the use of countermeasures, and military and information responses. Such techniques are proving ineffective and potentially destabilizing. McConnell will outline a proposed enforcement regime to improve security and stability in cyberspace.
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