Speaking in Parliament, Mr Bercow said his 10-year "tenure" was nearing its end and it had been the "greatest honour and privilege" to serve.
If there was no early election, he said 31 October would be the "least disruptive and most democratic" date.
The ex-Tory MP succeeded the late Michael Martin as Speaker in 2009.
He has faced fierce criticism from Brexiteers who have questioned his impartiality on the issue of Europe.
In a break from normal convention, Mr Bercow was facing a challenge from the Conservatives in his Buckingham constituency at the next election - whenever it is called.
His wife, Sally, was in the public gallery as he made his announcement.
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